Unit 4: Changing Natures of Global Politics

Identity Politics

Identity politics refers to political positions based on aspects of people’s identity such as race, ethnicity, religion, gender, and sexual orientation. It often emerges as a response to historical discrimination and social inequality.

Issues & Challenges

Examples

• The Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement in the U.S.
• The rise of Hindu nationalism in India.
• Ethnic-based politics in Africa and Southeast Asia.

The Rise of Authoritarianism and its Impact on Geo-Politics

Authoritarianism refers to a political system where power is concentrated in the hands of a leader or small group, often suppressing opposition and limiting freedoms.

Why is Authoritarianism Rising?

Geo-Political Implications

Examples

• Russia’s invasion of Ukraine under Vladimir Putin.
• China's strict governance under Xi Jinping.
• The erosion of democratic institutions in countries like Turkey and Hungary.

Reviving Democratic Ideals

Reviving democratic ideals means strengthening democratic institutions, promoting human rights, and ensuring transparency in governance.

Key Democratic Principles

Challenges in Reviving Democracy

Possible Solutions

• Strengthening international alliances for democracy (e.g., G7, NATO).
• Implementing strict electoral reforms to prevent manipulation.
• Educating citizens on democratic rights and responsibilities.
• Holding leaders accountable through independent judiciary systems.

The Rise of China and Its Impact on Global Trade

China’s Economic Rise

China has emerged as the world’s second-largest economy, driven by industrial growth, technological advancement, and global trade dominance.

Key Factors Behind China’s Rise

Impact on Global Trade

Concerns & Challenges

In Short, China’s rise presents both opportunities and challenges. While it has fueled global economic growth, its geopolitical influence has also led to increasing tensions with major economies. Countries are now reassessing their trade and economic strategies to reduce overdependence on China.

These topics are interconnected. The rise of authoritarianism and identity politics influence democratic backsliding, while China’s economic power reshapes global trade and geopolitics. Understanding these trends helps in analyzing the current global order and predicting future shifts.